PBS Forum

The US APHIS permit should provide the latest import inspection requirement, and for applying a well fulfilled Japan MAFF PPS phytosanitary certificate.

Quotehttps://acir.aphis.usda.gov/s/acir-document-detail?rowId=a0j3d000000mfn1AAA&Document_Type=Reference%20Documents
[color=var(--lwc-brandTextLink,#2574A9)]Permits[/font][/size][/color]

• The permit general restriction requires that plants for planting may be imported or offered for import into the United States only after issuance of a written permit by USDA-APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), unless meeting [color=var(--lwc-brandTextLink,#2574A9)]Exceptions to Import Permit Requirement[/url] conditions.[/font][/size][/color]
• Submit an application for an import permit, PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant Products, to APHIS-PPQ at least 30 days prior to arrival of the plants for planting at the first port of entry.
• Other permits may be required for plants that have specific restrictions or requirements. For more information, see the Special Permits ACIR Reference Document.

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Quotehttps://www.maff.go.jp/pps/j/introduction/english_exp.html

Remarks

If the plant, etc. to be exported has been disinfected, etc. at the request of the importing country, or if there is any other information that should be included for export inspection, enter the details.

Quotehttps://www.maff.go.jp/pps/j/business/export/faq/english_faq.html

Q1 ： How is the procedures for an export inspection conducted?
A ： When you intend to export any plants, you must comply with the plant quarantine conditions required by an export counterpart. You have to check whether the export counterpart does not prohibit the plants from being imported, it does not require a special inspection and an import permit has been obtained for any country that requires an import permit for importing the plants. In accordance with quarantine requirements of the export counterpart, different inspections are conducted with respect to adherence or existence of diseases or pests subject to quarantine. It may take long time to complete inspections on any plant that requires an inspection at its cultivation area and special quarantine conditions. For more details, please contact the nearest plant protection station or a plant protection station where you are planning to have your product inspected.

Q17 ： When I intend to export plants overseas, are there any restrictions other than plant quarantines?
A ：
・New plant varieties/breeder's right It is restricted to bring registered varieties protected under the Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act out of Japan.
http://www.hinshu2.maff.go.jp/en/en_top.html


・TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power PlantSome countries impose restrictions on radioactive materials.
https://www.maff.go.jp/e/export/reference.html


CITES (Washington Convention) It is restricted to trade some plants under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington Convention).https://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/external_economy/CITES/about_cites.html

Quotehttps://www.hinshu2.maff.go.jp/vips/cmm/apCMM110.aspx?MOSS=1

[th]Registration number[/th] [th]Application Number[/th] [th]Latin name[/th] [th]Denomination[/th] [th]Filing date[/th] [th]Publication date (Application)[/th] [th]Withdrawal date[/th] [th]Rejection date[/th] [th]Applicant's name/Title holder's name[/th] [th]Registration date[/th] [th]Publication date (Registration)[/th] [th]Expiration date[/th]
8796	9189	Gloriosa L.	PRECIOUS MOON	1996/10/21	1999/02/01			Ozawa Tadatsugu	2001/03/13	2001/03/13	2004/03/16
	9655	Gloriosa L.	MRS SASAYO	1997/03/19	1999/02/01	2001/06/25		NAKAGAMI SEED CO., LTD.
9999	11325	Gloriosa L.	KOMOS GOLD WING	1998/10/29	1999/03/18			Kabushikigaisha Komoriya nursery	2002/03/15	2002/03/15	2005/03/16
11046	12503	Gloriosa L.	PIXY	2000/04/14	2000/10/20			Isogao Makoto	2003/02/20	2003/02/20	2006/02/21
12243	14039	Gloriosa L.	PRECIOUS PEARL	2001/11/09	2002/03/25			Kozawa Takae	2004/08/18	2004/08/18	2007/08/21
12616	14337	Gloriosa L.	TGB PEARL WHITE	2002/01/10	2002/06/20			Shirai Takayuki	2005/01/19	2005/01/19	2008/01/22
12358	14709	Gloriosa L.	ATSUMI HARMONY	2002/05/07	2002/11/12			Kawai Toshio,Isogai Makoto	2004/11/08	2004/11/08	2007/11/09
	36046	Gloriosa L.	SHIKIBU 2	2022/03/02	2022/07/26			KOZAWA TADATSUGU

Since the carotene is known bio-synthesized in the plastid and as a photosynthetic pigment. If the color related mutation would affect the platid in the same way, not only the nuclear DNA.

I suddenly wonder that if the mutation related to the ingredients which is bio-synthesized in the plastid, even the starch (Amyloplast), fat(Elaioplast), protein(Proteinoplast), aromatic amino acids (Phenyloplasts, and Xyloplasts) related even the anthocyanidins woould also relied on mutated platids.

Not only the relatively micro nutrient such as B12, or DHA、EPA are related to independent living prokaryote are required by the human, the ingredients which made and stored by the endosymbiotic prokaryote could be the macro nutrients for the human.

Quotehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8248682/
Desiccoplasts are plastids that can be interconverted between chloroplasts and proplastids in desiccation tolerant plants (Solymosi et al., 2013). Phenyloplasts are phenol enriched colorful plastids identified as a new plastid type when compared to chromoplasts because of their different storage contents and the homeostatic roles of phenols (Brillouet et al., 2014). Xyloplasts are specialized plastids in secondary vascular tissues that are dedicated to the synthesis of precursors for monolignol production, derived from either proplastids, or more likely, amyloplasts (Pinard and Mizrachi, 2018).

Quotehttps://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=57154
Proanthocyanidins are formed in the chlorophyllous organs of Tracheophyta from a redifferentiation of chloroplasts involving the thylakoidal membrane and lumen.

Quotehttps://www.nature.com/articles/srep03373
Chlorophylless flower petals are known to be composed of non-photosynthetic tissues. Here, we show that the light energy storage that can be photoacoustically measured in flower petals of Petunia hybrida is approximately 10-12%. We found that the supposed chlorophylless photosynthesis is an anoxygenic, anthocyanin-dependent process occurring in blue flower petals (ADAPFP), accompanied by non-respiratory light-dependent oxygen uptake and a 1.5-fold photoinduced increase in ATP levels. Using a simple, adhesive tape stripping technique, we have obtained a backside image of an intact flower petal epidermis, revealing sword-shaped ingrowths connecting the cell wall and vacuole, which is of interest for the further study of possible vacuole-related photosynthesis. Approaches to the interpretations of ADAPFP are discussed and we conclude that these results are not impossible in terms of the known photochemistry of anthocyanins.

Suddenly found that most of the biotech plant varieties are also new world species.

Quotehttps://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=NewPlantVarietyConsultations

Quotehttps://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/biotechnology/regulatory-processes/rsr-table/rsr-table

Quotehttps://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/gm-foods-platform/browse-information-by/commodity/en/

I wonder if the true plants and their ancient coexist organisms might mutate separately under the same mutation method.

Quotehttps://www.ucdavis.edu/news/green-plants-share-bacterial-toxin
Green Plants Share Bacterial Toxinby Andy Fell November 03, 2006
Atoxin that can make bacterial infections turn deadly is also found in higher plants, researchers at UC Davis, the Marine Biology Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass. and the University of Nebraska have found. Lipid A, the core of endotoxin, is located in the chloroplasts, structures that carry out photosynthesis within plant cells.The lipid A in plant cells is evidently not toxic. The human intestine contains billions of Gram-negative bacteria, but lipid A does not become a problem unless bacteria invade the bloodstream.

Quotehttps://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/amborellalesweb2.htm
It turns out that several distinctive "plant" metabolites such as indolizidine (swainsonine) and ergoline alkaloids are not synthesized by the plant itself, but by fungal or bacterial associates of the plant; they are toxic to animals and presumably protect the plant (e.g. Popay & Rowan 1994; Tan & Zou 2001; Gunatilaka 2006; Kusari et al. 2012; Markert et al. 2008; Wink 2008; Schardl et al. 2013: Convolvulaceae; Pryor et al. 2009: Fabaceae; Wink 2008), and Celastraceae and especially Poaceae are also distinctive in this regard. Such compounds seem to be ordinary plant metabolites (D.-X. Zhang et al. 2009; Friesen et al. 2011), and they are also of considerable interest for those working on applied uses of "plant" compounds. Similarly, endophytic bacteria are involved in selenium (Se) uptake by Se-accumulating plants (Lindblom et al. 2013; Sura-de Jong et al. 2015), while "true" plants secondary metabolites like terpenoids and quinolizidine alkaloids are produced more or less exclusively in mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, i.e. in endophytic bacteria whose associations with plants are very ancient (Wink 2008; Irisarri et al. 2021).

Some of the old world species are becoming novel food to the Old world people.

Quotehttps://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/637917

Prodotti contenenti bambù della specie Bambusa vulgaris, novel food/novel food cooked bamboo shoots (Bambusa vulgaris) from Chinanotified 12 OCT 2023 by  Italy | last update 9 NOV 2023

Quotehttps://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/631053
Non-authorized Novel food betel nuts (Areca catechu) from Bangladeshnotified 1 SEP 2023 by  Italy | last update 25 SEP 2023

If all novel food were for healthy adult only at first? The infant, pregnant, breast-feed period, and even elder people, hospitalized people should be later.
Though the cranberry is an relatively new American species for the old world species.

Quotehttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2018/1631/oj
COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2018/1631
of 30 October 2018
authorising the placing on the market of cranberry extract powder as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
... ...

(5)

On 11 December 2014, the competent authority of France issued its initial assessment report. In that report it came to the conclusion that cranberry extract powder meets the criteria for novel food ingredients set out in Article 3(1) of Regulation (EC) No 258/97. In the same report, the competent authority of France also expressed concerns regarding possible nutritional risks associated with the overconsumption of polyphenols for children between one and three years of age resulting from the intake of polyphenols from the novel food, and from other sources of polyphenols in children's diet.

(6)

On 16 January 2015, the Commission forwarded the initial assessment report to the other Member States. Reasoned objections were raised by the other Member States within the 60-day period laid down in the first subparagraph of Article 6(4) of Regulation (EC) No 258/97 with regard to insufficient data excluding the risk for young children aged between one and three years, incomplete specification of the novel food, and lack of information on the protein content needed to exclude allergy risk.

(7)

In view of the initial assessment report issued by the competent authority of France and the objections raised by some Member States, the Commission consulted the European Food Safety Authority ('the Authority') on 20 April 2016, asking it to carry out an additional assessment for cranberry extract powder as a novel food in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 258/97.

(	In contacts with the Authority the Applicant has declared that the novel food is not intended to be marketed to infants, toddlers and children of below 19 years of age.

There are some geophyte grown as leafy or inflorescence vegetables in Taiwan. But they may not be the traditional edible species, parts, and culinary use in their origin countries. (They might be Novel food in most countries even their evolution origin.)
(In traditional Chinese.)
 
 
Fresh inflorescence of Agave amica, formerly Polianthes tuberosa (Picture and Text)
https://www.taitung.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=13370&s=52947
 
Hemerocallis fresh shoots or sprouts whether being cultivated alike endive. (Picture and Text)
https://www.tcdares.gov.tw/ws.php?id=1761

Just for the phylogeny, the C. pallasii and C. cartwrightianus might be a try.

Quotehttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-021-01269-3
Published: 06 November 2021
A new look at the genus Crocus L. phylogeny and speciation: Insight from molecular data and chromosome geography
The present study showed close genetic affinity between three species of C. sativus, C. pallasii and C. cartwrightianus; and BEAST chronological tree showed that C. sativus diverged from these species in Turkey-Greece the region around 1–2 MY ago.

But for the additive or EU/UK novel food regulation or US GRAS, the species other than C. sativus might be not in the definition of saffron as food or as food additive.

The reason for retaining edible landscape for wildlife should also be consider about introducing the concept such as novel food species for human and for wildlife.
For example, the native chestnut for food in the EU is Castanea sativa.  Castanea mollissima and Castanea crenata (Japan) which are traditionally consumed by the East Asia people are novel food for the European people. And the concept should be  also applied to the wildlife.
.
https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/419168
NOTIFICATION 2020.0577 Novel food in chestnut snack notified 5 FEB 2020 by  Italy | last update 5 FEB 2020
.
https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/580714
NOTIFICATION 2022.6799 Nuevo alimento (Castanea mollissima) no autorizado procedente de China // Novel food (Castanea mollissima) non authorised from China notified 22 NOV 2022 by  Spain | last update 22 NOV 2022
.
https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/622333
NOTIFICATION 2023.4663 Unauthorized novel food (castanea mollissima) in chestnut jam and from China notified 11 JUL 2023 by  Italy | last update 26 JUL 2023

The human panthogeon in the garden soil or plants an animal remains seem to be more danger than most garden and wild plants. Though the visitors of the garden which are Homo Sapiens might share more zoonoses than the other animals visitors  and even invading wild plants in the garden.
https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/health-and-wellbeing/minimising-health-risks-in-the-garden.

Quote from: Bern on June 12, 2023, 08:42:22 AM

Quote from: David Pilling on June 12, 2023, 05:21:15 AMToday nuclear is the least worst option

Sadly - Three Mike Island, Chernobyl, Fukushima.

At least, there seem to be only foods which related to Chernobyl, Fukushima are regulated by the EU and UK.

Quotehttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2020/1158/oj
COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2020/1158of 5 August 2020on the conditions governing imports of food and feed originating in third countries following the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station

Quotehttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2021/1533/2022-05-03
  Consolidated text: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1533 of 17 September 2021 imposing special conditions governing the import of feed and food originating in or dispatched from Japan following the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power station and repealing Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/6 (Text with EEA relevance)Text with EEA relevance

Quotehttps://www.cnr.it/en/focus/046-4/bvoc-biogenic-volatile-organic-compound-emission-responses-to-climate-change
  The global carbon emitted as BVOCs is about 1.1 Pg per year, and is believed to be of the same order of magnitude than methane emissions.

There are some gas which have carbon released by the plant. And some fragrance essential oils and even Volatile Fatty Acid might be a kind of carbon release in the form of gas.

After the years of biological news about virus such as RNA fragment being positive or whole virus which could be propagated in a live cell. I suddenly wonder that if the plants which have less ingredient which human body consist of or could be digested or absorbed by human might be less possibility to nourish the microorganism in viro than the edible landscape. I wonder if the plants have the form and quantity of the carbohydrate, protein, fat which could be digested or absorbed by human could be more possibility to nourish the bacterial and fungi adaptive to the human food and ingredient outside the human body than the plants which have only small amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat or not the form used by human.

Some data from the USDA only mentioned non-food using method. (It should be in relatively very small dose.)
https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/
 Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical databases facilitate in-depth plant, chemical, bioactivity, and ethnobotany searches using scientific or common names. Search results can be downloaded in PDF or spreadsheet form. Of interest to pharmaceutical, nutritional, and biomedical research, as well alternative therapies and herbal products.
28 entities found ( showing 1 - 20 ) - Click on an entity to view details
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis corniculata ( Acederilla Aleluya; Alleluia; Carpigna; Chukrika; Estrebolina; Hsiao Suan Ts'Ai; Hummaidh; Indian Sorrel; Oseille Du Boi )
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis convexula
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis depressa
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis obliquifolia
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis punctata
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis semiloba
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis smithiana
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis sp.
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis dichondreafolia
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis acetosella ( Aleluya; Kazayagi; Sorrel; Wood Sorrel; Woodsorrel )
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis martiana ( Sheep Shar )
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis montana ( Woodsorrel; Common )
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis stricta ( Sorrel; Sheep; Wood Sorrel )
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis violacea
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis sp ( Sorrel )
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis dichondraefolia
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis hedysaroides
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis pes-caprae ( Sorrel )
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis otaviensis
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis tragopoda
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis acetosella? ( Alleluia )
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis decaphylla
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis corniculatus
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis latifolia
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis amplifolia
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis trilliifolia
Ethnobotanical Plant Oxalis drummondi
Plant Oxalis tuberosa ( Oca; Papa Roja; Quiba )

There are 4 species evaluated in the EU. The US GRAS list only listed some plants.

Quotehttps://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fip/novel_food_catalogue/#
Oxalis acetosella L.The leaves of Oxalis acetosella L. are considered not novel.
Other aerial parts of Oxalis acetosella L. are considered not novel in food supplements.
.
Oxalis purpurea The request concerns Oxalis purpurea considered as novel in food.
.
Oxalis tuberosa This vegetable originated from the Andes of South America. It ranges from pale creamy-white to deep purplish red in colour and sweet to slightly astringent in taste, depending on variety. It is a popular root crop of the Andes. It is easy to prepare, as it does not require peeling, however, as it is a root crop, proper cleaning is essential before roasting, steaming or frying.
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Oxalis vulcanicola  The request concerns Oxalis vulcanicola considered as novel in food.Novel Food Status

https://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?cat=FoodIngredientsPackaging